Prepare for Beyond Dualism

 The texts from the Roman Catholic Lectionary today challenge us to vigilance and a virtuous life that ironically is most loving in contrast to dualism.

Way Beyond Dualism

The Reading from the Second Letter of Peter is an Exhortation to Preparedness.

* [3:11–16] The second coming of Christ and the judgment of the world are the doctrinal bases for the moral exhortation to readiness through vigilance and a virtuous life; cf. Mt 24:42, 50–51; Lk 12:40; 1 Thes 5:1–11; Jude 20–21.

* [3:12] Flames…fire: although this is the only New Testament passage about a final conflagration, the idea was common in apocalyptic and Greco-Roman thought. Hastening: eschatology is here used to motivate ethics (2 Pt 3:11), as elsewhere in the New Testament. Jewish sources and Acts 3:19–20 assume that proper ethical conduct can help bring the promised day of the Lord; cf. 2 Pt 3:9. Some render the phrase, however, “desiring it earnestly.”

* [3:13] New heavens and a new earth: cf. Is 65:17; 66:22. The divine promises will be fulfilled after the day of judgment will have passed. The universe will be transformed by the reign of God’s righteousness or justice; cf. Is 65:17–18; Acts 3:21; Rom 8:18–25; Rev 21:1. (2 Peter, CHAPTER 3 | USCCB, n.d.)

Psalm 90 contrasts God’s eternity with the brevity of human life.

 

* [Psalm 90] A communal lament that describes only in general terms the cause of the community’s distress. After confidently invoking God (Ps 90:1), the Psalm turns to a complaint contrasting God’s eternity with the brevity of human life (Ps 90:2–6) and sees in human suffering the punishment for sin (Ps 90:7–12). The Psalm concludes with a plea for God’s intervention (Ps 90:13–17). (Psalms, PSALM 90 | USCCB, n.d.)

In the Gospel of Mark, Jesus addresses Paying Taxes to the Emperor.

* [12:13–34] In the ensuing conflicts (cf. also Mk 2:1–3:6) Jesus vanquishes his adversaries by his responses to their questions and reduces them to silence (Mk 12:34).

* [12:13–17] See note on Mt 22:15–22. (Mark, CHAPTER 12 | USCCB, n.d.)

Mary Lee Brock hears Jesus remind her to “give to God what belongs to God.”  Like a trusted friend at a reunion, Jesus helps her reorient her attention to what truly matters and empowers her to continue to strive for justice and dignity for all.

In the first reading, Peter reinforces this resolve as we read: be on your guard not to be led into the error of the unprincipled and to fall from your own stability. But grow in grace and in the knowledge of our Lord and savior Jesus Christ. To him, be glory now and to the day of eternity.  The phrase the error of the unprincipled is a reminder to stay true to our faith and the guiding principles of Catholic Social Teaching. What can feel so overwhelming can become so clear when we focus on what is good and true.

Today I pray for the grace to be curious about the stories people tell. How can I support people sharing what is truly important to them? When I find myself being seduced by malicious gossip, I pray for the strength to redirect the conversation to a more productive place. I pray to feel compassion for those laying traps and those falling for the traps. And I ask Jesus to support me every day to give to God what belongs to God

In every age, O Lord, you have been our refuge. (Brock, n.d.)

Don Schwager quotes “Put off the earthly image and put on the heavenly one,” by Origen of Alexandria (185-254 AD).

"Some people think that the Savior spoke on a single level when he said, 'Give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar' - that is, 'pay the tax that you owe.' Who among us disagrees about paying taxes to Caesar? The passage therefore has a mystical and secret meaning. There are two images in humanity. One he received from God when he was made, in the beginning, as Scripture says in the book of Genesis, 'according to the image and likeness of God' (Genesis 1:27). The other image is of the earth (1 Corinthians 15:49). Man received this second image later. He was expelled from Paradise because of disobedience and sin after the 'prince of this world' (John 12:31) had tempted him with his enticements. Just as the coin, or denarius, has an image of the emperor of this world, so he who does the works of 'the ruler of the darkness' (Ephesians 6:12) bears the image of him whose works he does. Jesus commanded that that image should be handed over and thrown away from our face. He wills us to take on that image, according to which we were made from the beginning, according to God's likeness. It then happens that we give 'to Caesar what belongs to Caesar, and to God what is God's.' Jesus said, 'Show me a coin.' For 'coin,' Matthew wrote 'denarius' ( Matthew 22:19). When Jesus had taken it, he said, 'Whose inscription does it have?' They answered and said, 'Caesar's.' And he said to them in turn, 'Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's.'" (excerpt from HOMILY ON THE GOSPEL OF LUKE 39.4-6) (Schwager, n.d.)

The Word Among Us Meditation on 2 Peter 3:12-15, 17-18 comments that the call to discipleship is a call both to “wait” patiently for the Lord and to “hasten” his “day” by actively sharing the gospel, praying for the coming of the kingdom, and caring for the people he has placed in our lives (2 Peter 3:12). It’s a call to stand firm in faith no matter the storms that come to us.

So “be on your guard” (2 Peter 3:17). Let your hope in Christ become the anchor that steadies you and helps preserve your peace. Place your trust in him, and he will help you find safe passage.

“Lord, help me to be always on my guard as I both wait for and hasten the day of your coming!” (Meditation on 2 Peter 3:12-15, 17-18, n.d.)

Friar Jude Winkler comments that in 2 Peter the passage has an apocalyptic theme presenting the idea of a new heaven and a new earth that will be purified and transformed. We will live to give witness to our faith being consistent with our commitment to the Kingdom. In the Gospel of Mark Jesus is called to address the question of paying taxes to Caesar. He sees this as an obvious trap trying to present Him either as a good Jew or as collaborator with the conquering empire. He calls for a Roman coin to be brought out and Jesus uses the denarius, ironically that true Jews would not carry, to differentiate between what we give to Caesar and what we owe to God.  Christian texts very clearly assert legitimate government authority is given by God. Friar Jude notes some more ambiguous treatment of the Emperor here not to be made into a God and in Revelations the Roman Empire is cast as treacherous and evil.

Father Richard Rohr, OFM, introduces Rt. Rev. Michael Curry who considers how God is always leading us beyond what we think we know. Curry was elected bishop in the Episcopal Church as the church wrestled with questions about the full inclusion and equality of LGBTQ persons in the church.

As a bishop, I made a solemn vow to “guard the faith, unity, and discipline of the Church.” I had also vowed to “be merciful to all, show compassion to the poor and strangers, and defend those who have no helper.” I was beginning to see that obedience to the letter and the spirit of both of those vows was leading me to a real contradiction….

I was growing, and my own beliefs had evolved. But another way to say it is that I was becoming more and more open to letting the spirit of God breathe through me and make me new. Therein is the source of real personal change, evolution, and transformation, and it’s never ending….

The late [lay theologian] Verna Dozier … was a real mentor, teacher, and soul friend to me. In her book The Dream of God, she offered this wisdom: “We always see through a glass darkly, and that is what faith is about. I will live by the best I can discern today. Tomorrow I may find out I was wrong. Since I do not live by being right, I am not destroyed by being wrong.” (Rohr, n.d.)

We pray for the insight of the Spirit as we ponder the paradox of choosing the Way of Jesus while continuing to love and assist fellow pilgrims who choose to render preferentially unto Caesar. 

References

Brock, M. L. (n.d.). Daily Reflections. Creighton Online Ministries: Home. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://onlineministries.creighton.edu/daily-reflections/daily-reflection-june-2-2026 

Mark, CHAPTER 12 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/mark/12 

Meditation on 2 Peter 3:12-15, 17-18. (n.d.). Word Among Us. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://wau.org/meditations/2026/06/02/1583989/ 

Psalms, PSALM 90 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Bible Readings, Audio and Video Every Morning | USCCB. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/psalms/90 

Rohr, R. (n.d.). The Spirit Reworks Us. Center for Action and Contemplation. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://cac.org/daily-meditations/the-spirit-reworks-us/ 

Schwager, D. (n.d.). Give to God What Belongs to God. Daily Scripture Readings and Meditations – Daily Scripture Readings and Meditations. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://www.dailyscripture.net/daily-meditation/ 

2 Peter, CHAPTER 3 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved June 2, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2peter/3 

Tenants of Live and Love

 The texts from the Roman Catholic Lectionary, today, exhort us to develop the virtues that will assist in the growth of communities in which we are tenants of the Lord.

The Vineyard of the Lord

The Reading from the Second Letter of Peter is an Exhortation to Christian Virtue and proclamation of The Power of God’s Promise.*

* [1:1] Symeon Peter: on the authorship of 2 Peter, see Introduction; on the spelling here of the Hebrew name Šim‘ôn, cf. Acts 15:14. The greeting is especially similar to those in 1 Peter and Jude. The words translated our God and savior Jesus Christ could also be rendered “our God and the savior Jesus Christ”; cf. 2 Pt 1:11; 2:20; 3:2, 18.

* [1:2] Knowledge: a key term in the letter (2 Pt 1:3, 8; 2:20; 3:18), perhaps used as a Christian emphasis against gnostic claims.

* [1:3–4] Christian life in its fullness is a gift of divine power effecting a knowledge of Christ and the bestowal of divine promises (2 Pt 3:4, 9). To share in the divine nature, escaping from a corrupt world, is a thought found elsewhere in the Bible but expressed only here in such Hellenistic terms, since it is said to be accomplished through knowledge (2 Pt 1:3); cf. 2 Pt 1:2; 2:20; but see also Jn 15:4; 17:22–23; Rom 8:14–17; Heb 3:14; 1 Jn 1:3; 3:2.

* [1:3] By his own glory and power: the most ancient papyrus and the best codex read “through glory and power.”

* [1:5–9] Note the climactic gradation of qualities (2 Pt 1:5–7), beginning with faith and leading to the fullness of Christian life, which is love; cf. Rom 5:3–4; Gal 5:6, 22 for a similar series of “virtues,” though the program and sense here are different than in Paul. The fruit of these is knowledge of Christ (2 Pt 1:8) referred to in 2 Pt 1:3; their absence is spiritual blindness (2 Pt 1:9).

* [1:10–11] Perseverance in the Christian vocation is the best preventative against losing it and the safest provision for attaining its goal, the kingdom. Kingdom of…Christ, instead of “God,” is unusual; cf. Col 1:13 and Mt 13:41, as well as the righteousness of…Christ (2 Pt 1:1). (2 Peter, CHAPTER 1 | USCCB, n.d.)

Psalm 91 is confident that God’s presence will protect the people in every dangerous situation.

* [Psalm 91] A prayer of someone who has taken refuge in the Lord, possibly within the Temple (Ps 91:1–2). The psalmist is confident that God’s presence will protect the people in every dangerous situation (Ps 91:3–13). The final verses are an oracle of salvation promising salvation to those who trust in God (Ps 91:14–16). (Psalms, PSALM 91 | USCCB, n.d.)

The Gospel of Mark presents the Parable of the Tenants.

* [12:1–12] The vineyard denotes Israel (Is 5:1–7). The tenant farmers are the religious leaders of Israel. God is the owner of the vineyard. His servants are his messengers, the prophets. The beloved son is Jesus (Mk 1:11; 9:7; Mt 3:17; 17:5; Lk 3:22; 9:35). The punishment of the tenants refers to the religious leaders, and the transfer of the vineyard to others refers to the people of the new Israel. (Mark, CHAPTER 12 | USCCB, n.d.)

Creighton Online Ministries was on “hold” at publication time.

Don Schwager quotes “Christ's wounds bring healing and life,” by Ambrose of Milan, 339-397 A.D.

"The vineyard prefigures us, because the people of God, founded on the root of the eternal Vine, appear above the earth, bordering the lowly ground. They now grow ripe with budding flowers. They now are clothed with dense greenery and take on a gentle yoke [see Matthew 11:30] when they worship with mature branches as if with the twigs of the vine. The Father Almighty truly is the Vinedresser, and Christ is the Vine. We, not vine sprouts, are pruned by the sickle of the eternal cultivator if we do not bear fruit in Christ. [see John 15:1-2] The people of Christ then is correctly named a vineyard, either because the sign of the cross is woven on its forehead [see Ezekiel 9:4,6] or its fruit is gathered in the last season of the year. It may also be called a vineyard because there is equal measurement in the church of God for rich and poor, humble and powerful, servants and masters. There is no difference in the church, as in all the rows of the vineyard.[see Colossians 3:25] As the vine clings to trees, so the body is joined to the soul and the soul to the body. When the vine clings, it is raised up. When it is pruned, it is not diminished, but it increases. The people of God is stripped when it is bound, uplifted when it is humbled, crowned when it is cut back. The tender shoot cut from an old tree is grafted onto the progeny of another root. When the scars of the old shoot are cut away, the people of God likewise grow into the wood of the cross. It is as if they are cherished in the arms of a pious parent. The Holy Spirit comes as if cast down into the deep ditches of the earth and poured into this prison of the body. With the flow of saving water, the Holy Spirit washes away whatever is filthy and raises the posture of our members to heavenly discipline. (excerpt from EXPOSITION OF THE GOSPEL OF LUKE 9.30.21) (Schwager, n.d.)

The Word Among Us Meditation on 2 Peter 1:2-7 comments that St. Peter seems to be saying two different things in our first reading. He begins by reassuring us that God’s “divine power has bestowed on us everything” we need to become holy (2 Peter 1:3). But then he exhorts us, “Make every effort to supplement your faith” with virtue, knowledge, and the fruit of the Spirit (1:5). So do we just have to rely on God’s “divine power,” or do we have to work at it by “supplementing” our faith?

Or perhaps you are trying so hard on your own that you forget that it’s God’s “divine power” that you need each day (2 Peter 1:3). If so, try to remember to ask for his help when you face a temptation or trial.

God is so good! He is eager to give us everything we need to live a holy life. But he doesn’t want us to be passive and miss out on all he has for us. It’s the start of a new month—let’s choose to cooperate with the grace and power that God so willingly pours out on us!

“Lord, your grace is always sufficient. Help me to do my part!” (Meditation on 2 Peter 1:2-7, n.d.)

Friar Jude Winkler comments on the authorship debates concerning 1 Peter and 2 Peter. The secretary of Peter is a likely author of 1 Peter. 2 Peter is a letter likely written in the name of Peter at a later time. It proclaims Divine power to live a life of virtue beginning with endurance and progressing to love. Seven virtues are named indicating a path of perfect fulfillment in virtue. In Mark, the parable of the tenants of the vineyard, they finally kill the son thinking, falsely, to inherit the property. They kill inside the vineyard and throw the body outside. The leaders of the Jews realize the rejection of Jesus is about them, the tenants that have not responded. The fact that Jesus actually died outside the city walls is a mistake corrected in the accounts in Matthew and Luke. In Mark, the son is killed inside the walls and thrown out  indicating the parable dates to before the event of Jesus' death and proves Jesus knows He is going to die and accepts the mission from the Father.

The Parable of the Tenants is a parable told by Jesus. In Matthew 21:33-46, “And they took him and cast him out of the vineyard, and killed him”.In Mark 12:1-12, “So they seized him and killed him, and threw him out of the vineyard.”and in Luke 20:9-19. “So they threw him out of the vineyard and killed him.”

Father Richard Rohr, OFM, affirms God’s desire for us to know and welcome all of ourselves and others. Religious people who use the scriptures to condemn or exclude others seem to have different goals and objectives from those of God or Jesus. Their arguments generally have to do with very secular concerns: power and control, fear of the other and the unknown, and idealization of a family unit that Jesus himself neither lived nor idealized. Author Jen Austin considers how God invites us to move beyond neat categories:

It is part of the human tendency to put everything into a neat little category…. However, categories also allow us to include and exclude people based on characteristics that are unfamiliar to us or that we don’t understand. Black or white, gay or straight, we spend a lot of time and waste a lot of energy creating and adhering to labels in our culture, quite often at the expense of basic human dignity and common sense…. God is bigger than all our little boxes. God’s love transcends the lines we draw on earth. [2] (Rohr, n.d.)

We are empowered by the Spirit to oppose the greed and violence of our time that is continuing to reject the message of love and growth for the Vineyard of the Lord.

References

Mark, CHAPTER 12 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/mark/12? 

Meditation on 2 Peter 1:2-7. (n.d.). Word Among Us. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://wau.org/meditations/2026/06/01/1583509/ 

Psalms, PSALM 91 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/psalms/91? 

Rohr, R. (n.d.). Loving Beyond the Boxes. Center for Action and Contemplation. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://cac.org/daily-meditations/loving-beyond-the-boxes/ 

Schwager, D. (n.d.). They Will Respect My Beloved Son. Daily Scripture Readings and Meditations – Daily Scripture Readings and Meditations. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://www.dailyscripture.net/daily-meditation/ 

2 Peter, CHAPTER 1 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved June 1, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2peter/1? 

Trinity and Complete Love

 The texts from the Roman Catholic Lectionary today, The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity, invite us to ponder the presence of Father, Son, and Spirit, as our path to Divine Interaction with our fullness of life.

Life and Love in the Trinity

The Reading from the Book of Exodus presents Renewal of the Tablets.

* [34:6] Gracious…fidelity: this succinct poetic description of God is an often-repeated statement of belief (see Nm 14:18; Ps 103:8; 145:8; Jl 2:13; Jon 4:2). All the terms describe God’s relationship to the covenant people. (Exodus, CHAPTER 34 | USCCB, n.d.)

The Passage from the Book of Daniel are additions to the Aramaic text of Daniel.

* [3:24–90] These verses are additions to the Aramaic text of Daniel, translated from the Greek form of the book. They were probably first composed in Hebrew or Aramaic, but are no longer extant in the original language. The Roman Catholic Church has always regarded them as part of the canonical Scriptures. (Daniel, CHAPTER 3 | USCCB, n.d.)

The Reading from the Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians is one of the clearest trinitarian passages in the New Testament.

* [13:11–13] These verses may have originally concluded 2 Cor 10–13, but they have nothing specifically to do with the material of that section. It is also possible to consider them a conclusion to the whole of 2 Corinthians in its present edited form. The exhortations are general, including a final appeal for peace in the community. The letter ends calmly, after its many storms, with the prospect of ecclesial unity and divine blessing. The final verse is one of the clearest trinitarian passages in the New Testament. (2 Corinthians, CHAPTER 13 | USCCB, n.d.)

In the Gospel of John, Jesus is in dialogue with Nicodemus.

* [3:16] Gave: as a gift in the incarnation, and also “over to death” in the crucifixion; cf. Rom 8:32.

* [3:17–19] Condemn: the Greek root means both judgment and condemnation. Jesus’ purpose is to save, but his coming provokes judgment; some condemn themselves by turning from the light.

* [3:19] Judgment is not only future but is partially realized here and now. (John, CHAPTER 3 | USCCB, n.d.)

Rev. Larry Gillick, SJ, recalls verbally expressing love to his second girlfriend.

I could not say in words my experience love for dear Beverly, I was and am too conditional. My words never could have totally convinced her, I am sure. She would want to have clarity, surety and more explanations. God as Speaker, Revealer, Creator, says it and does so through this Spirit. The Speaker, the Urgency for expression and then the Word, creation. The Urgency is as infinite as the Speaker and the Spoken. The Trinity is One Love having a lot of work to do, including our accepting the ongoing, always creating and revealing of being so loved and created. God keeps saying It and the Spirit urges our acceptance.

Dear Beverly, she never could understand me, and maybe you don’t either. It is all mystery. Yes, God so loves the world that God sends His Son into the world to let us know who we are and what we are to reveal and create. (Gillick, n.d.)

Don Schwager quotes The pledge of the Holy Spirit, by Ambrose of Milan, 339-397 A.D.

"Recall then that you have received the spiritual seal, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of right judgment and courage, the spirit of knowledge and reverence, the spirit of holy fear in God's presence. Guard what you have received. God the Father has marked you with His sign; Christ the Lord has confirmed you and has placed His pledge, the Spirit, in your hearts" (excerpt from De Mysteriis 7, 42). (Schwager, n.d.)

The Word Among Us Meditation on Exodus 34:4-6, 8-9 invites on this feast of the Holy Trinity, that we celebrate the fact that God has revealed himself in such a moving way.

“Father, I praise you because you are always in control. Your plans can’t be deterred by the schemes of any enemy…

“Jesus, you revealed the humility of God when you came to us as a child under the authority of a mother and a father… 

“Holy Spirit, you are the glory of God who has been poured out to give us a glimpse of heaven. You are the One who transforms and comforts me…

“I praise you, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit!” (Meditation on Exodus 34:4-6, 8-9, n.d.)

Friar Jude Winkler comments that in Exodus we have the the episode in which God is revealed in front of Moses with the name of God.  God identified as merciful and gracious. Moses’ people are still necked and yet God is merciful to them. In the Letter to the Corinthians, we are urged to  live in peace as we model the persons of the Trinity. At the end of the message today, Paul gives the Trinitarian blessing in Corinthians. Paul now declares the trinitarian formula we understand, confirming Paul's belief in the Trinity. Chapter Three of the Gospel of John proclaims Jesus has come to save the world and reveal who God is and what He wants of us. We are invited to accept the person of Jesus whereby we are saved, and Friar Jude notes that if we choose rejection this condemns us to the loneliness of living without God.

Father Richard Rohr, OFM, highlights the importance of developing an open, “beginner’s mind”. In the beginning contemplation is simply a practice of living with and looking out from our stable foundation in God, what we might call the Inner Witness. We have to be willing to see how attracted we are to negative, paranoid, oppositional, and even violent thinking. We start to wonder, Where did this come from? Why am I doing this?

We must be willing to question, “How could this little flimsy mind ever know God? How could it understand or even hold space for the great love or great suffering that enter every human life?” It will simply jump to the next thing because the dualistic mind is always moving toward resolution. It loves closure and rushes toward judgment. That’s why all great spiritual teachers said, “Do not judge.”  

To well-educated, dualistic thinkers, that just feels irresponsible. We have to make judgments, don’t we? Of course we do, especially when it comes to issues of justice and solidarity. But the first lens through which we receive a moment, a person, or a situation has to be nondual. I have to accept all parts of reality—that which I think I understand (and call good), and that which I don’t understand (and assume is bad). Sadly, most never go beyond that. Anything that they don’t yet understand is presumed to be wrong, dangerous, sinful, heretical, or even to be destroyed. (Rohr, n.d.)

We embrace the Trinity as the model of Love that is mystical, beyond complete understanding, and yet reassuring of the Divine Love offered for all people and Creation.

References

Daniel, CHAPTER 3 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/daniel/3?52 

Exodus, CHAPTER 34 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/exodus/34?4 

Gillick, L. (n.d.). Daily Reflection. Creighton Online Ministries: Home. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://onlineministries.creighton.edu/ 

John, CHAPTER 3 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/john/3?16 

Meditation on Exodus 34:4-6, 8-9. (n.d.). Word Among Us. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://wau.org/meditations/2026/05/31/1581430/ 

Rohr, R. (n.d.). Moving Beyond Our Binary Minds. Center for Action and Contemplation. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://cac.org/daily-meditations/ 

Schwager, D. (n.d.). God's Incredible Gift of Love for the World. Daily Scripture Readings and Meditations – Daily Scripture Readings and Meditations. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://www.dailyscripture.net/daily-meditation/ 

2 Corinthians, CHAPTER 13 | USCCB. (n.d.). Daily Readings. Retrieved May 31, 2026, from https://bible.usccb.org/bible/2corinthians/13?11